In part 1 of this series of posts I included an introduction on my Father's college paper on the Underground Railroad in Massachusetts, written in 1954.
In Part 2 I included a few scanned images from the paper, with some explanations regarding the Jenkins station house in Andover, Massachusetts. Here, in part 3, is a transcript of the college paper, submitted to Northeastern University in Boston, on 18 March 1954.
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THE UNDERGROUND
RAILROAD IN MASSACHUSETTS
John W. Wilkinson
Northeastern University
History 23-18
Professor Wallace Bishop
March 18, 1954
I’ve served
my master all my days
Without a
dime reward,
And now I’m
forced to run away
To flee the
lash abhorred.
The hounds
are baying on my track- -
The master’s
just behind,
Resolved
that he will bring me back
Where colored men are free. 1
The loosely
knit organization by which fugitives made their way to Canada was spread
throughout the North from Kansas to the east coast. It was secretive in nature usually working
during the night through local groups that passed the runaways from house to
house. The knowledge of freedom in
Canada was probably spread by Southern soldiers returning from the War of 1812.
In New
England the fugitives arrived by the sea as stowaways or befriended by a negro
hand on board. They sailed usually from
New Orleans, Mobile, Savannah, and Norfolk, Virginia arriving at such ports as
Portland, Salem, Marblehead, Boston, New Bedford or New Haven.2
Many found
jobs here and lived undisturbed. Not
until the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was there great migration to Canada. In the Quaker town of New Bedford about 600
were In residence in 1851. When news was
received that slave hunters were headed there from Boston, measures were taken
to protect the, however the danger never precipitated.3
Frederick
Douglas, who escaped through Baltimore in a sailor’s garb, was an inhabitant
here. At an anti-slavery meeting in
Nantucket he made a deep impression by a speech and thus became a leading
orator for the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society.4
North from
Fall River and Norwich, routes led to Worcester County, an ardent anti-slavery
area where aid could always be found. In
1847 Stephen Foster and his wife ran a station on the outskirts of the city at
their home which came to be known as “the Liberty Farm”. His cellar contained a vault with no opening
except by a trap door from above. Here
slaves were hidden in their stop overs. 5
After the capture of Anthony Burns in 1854, a meeting was held by ardent
abolitionists in Concord, resolving to aid any escapee making his way from
Boston. Among the notables present were
Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Mr. and Mrs. John Thoreau. 6
BOSTON’S ROUTES
Aided by
both whites and Negroes in the South, more slaves made their way to Boston than
any other port on the Atlantic coast.
Most came as stowaways, others traveled there after landing at other
ports. The anti-slavery movement made it
a famous place of refuge from 1830 on.
In 1831 the first issue of the Liberator
had appeared. Of this occasion James
Russell Lowell wrote:
In a small chamber, friendless
and unseen,
Toiled o’re his
types one poor,
Unlearned young
man;
The place was dark unfurnished
and mean;
Yet there the
freedom of a race began. 7
In 1847 a
famous slave was caught by the name of George Lattimer. A group of determined men met and planned his
rescue from jail by force. His master
finally sold the slave to the group rather than have the jail stormed. The money was raised by soliciting and George
became a free man. His fear of
kidnapping caused him to hide out in Underground retreats for many years.
Sometimes
the runaways did not quite make it to Boston and were returned South. In 1846 such an incident took place. Within view of shore a slave made a plunge to
freedom. To the outrage of those
watching on shore, he was caught and hauled back aboard. A committee was put into operation at the
time making resolutions to protect and aid those seeking refuge. Before anything could be decided however, the
ship had sailed to the South. Regarding
this incident Emerson wrote that he “felt the irreparable blame to Boston for
the abduction.” 8
This first
committee was important in being the forerunner of the much more important
Vigilance Committee. One of the main
activities of this new organization was the use of Captain Austin Bearse’s
yacht the Moby Dick. Bearse was
a principal agent and his duty was the collection of fugitives from ships in
Boston Harbor. Later, the members pooled
their money and bought the Wild Pigeon also managed by Bearse. Upon the disbandment of the committee the
money from the sale of the vessel was returned to the contributors. Most of the slaves of the early period were
congregated in the section of colored people who inhabited the north side of
Beacon Hill on “Nigger Hill”. 9
A
reproduction of the map in Mr. Siebert’s book is hardly complete. Many operators knew the danger of discovery
by written records. There was drastic
punishment for their midnight jaunting.
At least five routes have been traced as radiating from Boston.
One route
strangely enough traveled some 40 miles southeast to Plymouth. Fugitives were also sent to Boston along the
same route from this port. Another more
important trail followed the tracks of the Boston to Albany Railroad to the
before mentioned Worcester territory.
From there a Mr. Israel Howe Brown used his wagon filled with vegetables
under which the passengers hid on their journey north to Fitchburg. 10
The next
route led through Medford. Here it split
and steered either through Reading and Andover, or more westerly up to
Dracut. In Reading, Jonas Parker once
frequented slaves at the corner of Ash and Cross streets. While making a personal investigation of this
station, a Mrs. Berle, who lives across the street, told me of Mr. Walter
Garritson whose age dates him back to the era.
His answer to my letter for information is the following:
179 Ash Street
Waltham 54
Mass.
March 12, 1954
Dear Mr. Wilkinson
Yours recieved and I wish that I could answer all the questions but I'll do the best that I can.
What I learned was from Cyrus King Littlefield. We always called him King. He lived on Ash St. and he told me that about dusk some times he would see two or three negros come crawling out from under the barn and they would travel with the North Star to guide them. All was kept as secret as possible and among as few as possible. These things King learned as he grew older.
The barn where they were hidden day times had only a cellar under the cows and horses on the South side of the barn so the negros would have a large space on the dirt under the barn floor. There they would find food. The few who were running this would be notified at the next station ahead and know when to look for the new comers. Some times there were men around trying to capture the escaped slaves. And so there could be no traveling until they were told that the coast was clear.
I don't know [who] was the owner of the barn but it was built by Jonas Parker who lived up Ash St. I tried to make a drawing of the barn and every one looks worse than the one before it.
There were directed where the next stopping place would be. And who would be on the look out for them. Some times they would be fortunate to ride some of the way. King said that they would have a stick over their shoulder with a little bundle on it. Probably clothing and perhaps food.
Hoping that [I] may be some [help]
I am with best wishes
Yours respectfully
Walter Gerritson
Aged 93 years
[sketch of barn in Reading, Massachusetts]
A fourth
itinerary went through Saugus, Danvers, and passed through Newburyport on the
way to Exeter, New Hampshire. Mrs.
Elizabeth Bradstreet recalls her mother and father caring for several
refugees. One evening she helped her mother
boil brown sugar to smear on the back of an old negro “still raw from the whippings
he had received”. Her father escorted
one slave to the Canadian border and remarked “he never saw anything run so
fast as that slave in his dash for freedom!”
11 At Newburyport one slave was
unusually transported in a coffin. The
baggage master set it on end and the
occupant was not relieved of his head down position until an Underground agent
picked it up. 12 The final route, known
as the shore line, ran by means of Lynn, Salem, Beverly, Marblehead, and
converging with the fourth route at Newburyport. After this city, the slaves were forwarded to
Amesbury. John Greenleaf Whittier wrote
to a friend saying he had collected money to help transport a family of four fugitives.
13 [Whittier was a resident at Amesbury]
A TYPICAL STATION
In order to
observe an Underground hostel, I made a circular trip along the routes in Essex
and Middlesex Counties. Several old
buildings used in the period have been torn down. Both the house at 307 Main Street in Stoneham
and the Ingalls Kitteridge’s home at the corner of Federal and Cabot streets in
Beverly, mentioned in Mr. Siebert’s book, have given way to modern
establishments. By a piece of good
fortune, I discovered at the Andover Historical Society that the Jenkin’s place
on the old Boston to Haverhill turnpike was still occupied. It might be noted that this is the next stop
after Reading from where Mr. Garritson has mentioned slaves were sent north.
The house
was built ten years before the Revolutionary War. Handed down from his father, William and Mary
Jenkins, ardent Abolitionists, used it for a station and meeting place for the
Anti-Slavery Society. George Latimer
spent a long period working there as a farm hand. In 1843 Wendall Phillips, having visited
there, gave such a zealous speech on his behalf that the uproar resulted in the
passage of the Personal Liberty Act of Massachusetts. 14
On one
evening the house was so crowded that Mr. Jenkins was worried where he could
bed Frederick Douglas. When Mr. William
Lloyd Garrison heard of the trouble he announced “I would be proud to sleep with
Fred.” Later, Fred remarked he would
gladly be skinned alive if he could come out white. 15
The house is
set back about three hundred yards from the turnpike connected by a long dirt
driveway. The road winds around the
property past the barn and numerous chicken coops. By
construction, the rooms in the two sections surround the chimneys. In the attic, where the chimney (at the left
in the photograph on page 13) slants and grows smaller before protruding
through the roof, was recently discovered a secret niche beneath some loose
boards which are easily removable. Here
fugitive slaves found a safe hiding place.
Not having a
flashlight, I descended into the gap with a candle, probably in the same manner
as many Negroes had done over a hundred years before. Within the space, I estimated the length at
then feet with a depth of two feet back from the chimney. In the rear, behind a corner of the brickwork
is a set of shelves on which provisions could be stored in case a long stay was
necessary. Five men could stand
comfortably or two men could stretch out on the floor without cramping
excessively. Although I am six feet
tall, I could not touch the ceiling when standing on my toes. (See picture page 13.)
On the roof
by this chimney is a skylight from which an excellent view of the neighboring
countryside can be obtained. Thus it was
that in the dusk of the evening someone would signal that the road was clear
and the fugitives would make their way north to Haverhill and another station
on the Underground Railroad.
FOOTNOTES
1 Wilbur H. Siebert, The Underground
Railroad in Massachusetts, Worcester, 1938, p. 4, A slave song.
2 Ibid, pp. 3-4.
3 Special to the Commonwealth, Mar. 16,
1851; History of New Bedford, Mass., 306.
4 Booker T. Washington, Frederick Douglas,
59 – 60, 63-65, 70, 72.
5 Scrapbook in Library of the Bostonian
Society, Old State House, Boston
6 John Weiss, Life and Correspondence of
Theodore Parker, 11, 142.
7 Boston Evening Transcript, Sept. 1,
1897; Henry F. Jenks, Scrapbook, in the Library of the Bostonian Society, Old
State House, Boston.
8 Siebert, op. cit., p. 19.
9 Ibid, p. 24.
10 Letter from Miss Marion Le Mere, March 15,
1935; Letter from Mrs. Grace M. Richard, March 1935; letter from Mrs. Diaz, n.
d.; Natick Herald, March, 1930; Wellesley Townsman, same; letters
from Mrs. Florence Lovell Macewen, Aug. 10 and 16, 1935; letter from Percival
William Jones, Jul. 27, 1935.
11 Historical Collections, Danvers
Historical Society, Vol. 4, pp. 129 – 30.
12 Ibid, p. 37 Letter from Teresea S.
Castle, of the Newburyport Public Library.
13 Siebert, op. cit., pp. 37 -38, Letter
of John Greenleaf Whittier in the Public Library of Haverhill, Mass.
14 Fair
and Warmer, Andover, 1928, pp. 1 -2.
15 Ibid,
p. 2.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Fair and
Warmer, Andover, April, 1928
Siebert,
Wilbur H., The Underground Railroad in Massachusetts, Worcester, 1936.
Washington,
Booker T., Frederick Douglas, Philadelphia
and London, 1907.
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